{"id":334808,"date":"2018-11-26T21:31:40","date_gmt":"2018-11-26T21:31:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sentryair.com\/blog\/?p=334808"},"modified":"2021-02-10T19:03:35","modified_gmt":"2021-02-10T19:03:35","slug":"hazards-of-welding-fumes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sentryair.com\/blog\/product-review\/fume-extractors\/hazards-of-welding-fumes\/","title":{"rendered":"Hazards of Welding Fumes"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Hazards<\/a><\/p>\n

Welding produces hazardous fumes that must be controlled to safeguard employee respiratory and overall health. Welding exposes metals to high levels of heat creating gaseous fumes and nano-particles. The hazards of welding fumes depend on the contents of the metal, the type of welding process, and the frequency of welding. Fume extractors must be utilized to protect employees from the hazards of welding fumes as NIOSH states that respirators alone do not provide adequate protection1<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Metal Composition Effect on Hazards of Welding Fumes<\/h2>\n

First, the type of metal and concentration of each substance determines the level of severity of health hazards for welding fumes. The most common types of metal for welding are stainless steel, mild steel, and galvanized steel. The hazards of welding fumes by metal type are discussed below as well as a chart summarizing government regulations for each metal type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Substance<\/strong><\/td>\nOSHA PEL<\/strong><\/td>\nNIOSH REL<\/strong><\/td>\nACGIH TLV\u2122<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hexavalent Chromium<\/td>\n5 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n0.2 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n0.2 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>
\nST: 0.5 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nickel (Soluble)
\n(Insoluble)
\n(Elemental)<\/td>\n		1 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n1 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n1 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n		0.05 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n0.1 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n0.5 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n		0.1 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n0.2 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n1.5 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Iron Oxide<\/td>\n10 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n5 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n5 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manganese<\/td>\n5 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n0.2 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n0.2 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n0.02 mg\/m3<\/sup> (Respirable)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zinc Oxide (Fume)
\n(Respirable)
\n(Total Dust)<\/td>\n		5 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n5 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n15 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n		5 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n5 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n10 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n		2 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n2 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Copper (Fume)
\n(Dust)<\/td>\n		15 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n5 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n		10 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n5 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n		10 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n1 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aluminum (Fume)
\n(Dust)<\/td>\n		5 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n15 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n		5 mg\/m3<\/sup>
\n10 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n		\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Figure 1: Government Regulations of Common Metal Substances2<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/center><\/p>\n

Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Hexavalent Chromium Fumes<\/strong> \u2013 known human carcinogen for lung cancer3<\/sup><\/a>. Small amounts of exposure has lasting health effects. Can cause other types of cancer – sinonasal, oral, liver, bladder, and esophagus cancers4<\/sup><\/a>. Other effects: nose and throat irritation, asthma, wheezing, and damage to the skin, eyes, kidneys and liver5<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Nickel Fumes<\/strong> \u2013 causes eye, nose, or throat irritation. Can cause dermatitis and lung problems6<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

Mild Steel <\/strong>– an increased risk of lung cancer resulted from the inhalation of mild steel welding fumes despite less exposure to carcinogenic compounds7<\/sup><\/a>.<\/h3>\n

Iron Oxide Fumes<\/strong> \u2013 causes siderosis, a benign lung disease from particle lung deposit6<\/sup><\/a>. Siderosis is non-cancerous but can cause nasal and lung irritation.
\n
\nManganese Fumes<\/strong> \u2013 can cause manganism – condition similar to Parkinson\u2019s disease and results in trembling, stiffness, slowing of motor movement, and in severe cases anxiety, depression and aggression8<\/sup><\/a>. Can also cause lung, liver, or kidney damage.<\/p>\n

\n

Galvanized Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Zinc Oxide Fumes<\/strong> \u2013 can lead to developing a condition called metal fume fever. Metal fume fever creates symptoms similar to the flu resulting in chills, muscle aches, nausea, fever, difficulty breathing, and decreased pulmonary function9<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

Other Metal Types<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Copper Fumes<\/strong> \u2013 may cause irritation in the eyes, nose or throat6<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Aluminum Fumes<\/strong> \u2013 irritates the respiratory system6<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Other Metal Dust<\/strong> – causes eye irritation, eye damage, and respiratory irritation6<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Types of Welding Effect on Hazards of Welding Fumes<\/h2>\n

Next, different types of welding affects the concentration of hazardous welding fumes thus increasing the health hazards. Below are the different types of welding listed in order of most fumes produced to the least amount of fumes by metal type.<\/p>\n

\"Hazards<\/a>

Figure 2: Hexavalent Chromium Emission rates for 4 Welding Processes10<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Figure 3: Mean Hexavalent Chromium Exposure by Welding Type1<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/caption>\n
Welding Type<\/strong><\/td>\nMean Exposure<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shielded Metal Arc Welding<\/td>\n1.4 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gas Metal Arc Welding<\/td>\n1.3 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding<\/td>\n0.14 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

1) Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)<\/strong> \u2013 produces double to quadruple amount of concentrations of hexavalent chromium (See Figure 2 above)10<\/sup><\/a>. In several studies, shielded metal arc welding consistently poses the most hazards for welding fumes due to high concentrations of fumes3<\/sup><\/a>. See Figure 3 as well.<\/p>\n

2) Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) <\/strong>\u2013 concentrations are very close to shielded metal arc welding (Figure 3)1<\/sup><\/a>. Other types of gas metal arc welding such as short circuit and pulsed spray have much less fume production (Figure 2)10<\/sup><\/a>. Short circuit produces a quarter of the shielded metal arc welding hexavalent chromium fumes10<\/sup><\/a>. Pulsed spray welding has the least amount of hexavalent chromium fume concentrations.<\/p>\n

3) Flux Cored Arc Welding <\/strong>– From Figure 2, you can see flux core arc welding produces about half the amount as shielded metal arc welding10<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

4) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding<\/strong> \u2013 From Figure 3, gas tungsten arc welding produces much less hexavalent chromium than gas metal arc and shielded metal arc welding1<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Frequency Effect on Hazards of Welding Fumes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Worker Type<\/strong><\/td>\nHealth<\/strong><\/td>\nMean Cancer Risk<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Maintenance<\/td>\nAsthma<\/td>\n0.34%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nHealthy<\/td>\n0.3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Project<\/td>\nAsthma<\/td>\n1.14%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nHealthy<\/td>\n1.04%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n
Figure 4: Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks based on health and type of welder11<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/caption>\n<\/table>\n

Lastly, the hazards welding fumes and lung cancer risks can vary depending on if a welder works as a project or maintenance worker. See Figure 4 for the mean cancer risk for a study of 30 Iranian workers over a lifetime. The main contributing factory was whether a welder worked full-time or did it on selective maintenance type basis. This study also compared previous respiratory ailments such as asthma to health workers, but the difference was minimal11<\/sup><\/a>. In a 2017 Canadian population study, full-time welders chance of developing health hazards were compared to occasional welders12<\/sup><\/a>. The full-time welders had a 16% increased chance of developing lung cancer, 78% risk for mesothelioma, 40% increased risk for bladder cancer and 30% increased risk of kidney cancer. Occasional welders had a 12% increased risk in developing lung cancer and 74% increased risk for mesothelioma with no increased risk for bladder or kidney cancer. This may mean that even minimal exposure to welding fumes on a part-time basis can pose health hazards as serious as developing cancer.<\/p>\n

Welding Fumes Control Solutions<\/h2>\n

To properly control welding fumes, Sentry Air Systems offers a wide variety of fume control solutions. Sentry Air Systems provides benefits of flame retardant hoses and filter media, as well as small portable options adaptable for all types of welding situations. A self-supportive arm can be directed at the welding fume source or a “python” extra flexible hose allows the operator to attach the magnetic hood directly to a nearby surface.<\/p>\n

Model 300 Welding Fume Extractor \u2013 SS-300-WFE<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n\"hazards<\/a><\/td>\nBest Use:<\/strong> Low volume welding jobs that may change location frequently.<\/p>\n

Features: <\/strong>
\n\u2022 Self-supportive fume extractor arm moves to capture fume at the source.
\n\u2022 Flame retardant arm and filter media
\n\u2022 Heavy duty casters or wheels for easy mobility
\n\u2022 Ability to house multiple filter media<\/p>\n

Filters Available: <\/strong>
\n\u2022 HEPA (Up to 99.97% efficiency on particles down to 0.5 microns in size)
\n\u2022 ASHRAE (Up to 95% efficiency on particles down to 0.5 microns in size)
\n\u2022 ULPA (Up to 99.9995% efficiency on particles down to 0.12 microns in size)<\/p>\n

Air Volume: <\/strong> 350 CFM High<\/p>\n

\"hazards<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Model 400 Python Portable Fume Extractor \u2013 SS-400-PYT<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"hazards<\/a><\/td>\n\nBest Use:<\/strong> Welding in confined areas, elevated spaces, stainless steel pipe welding, and metal beams welding.<\/p>\n

Features: <\/strong>
\n\u2022 12\u2019 L flexible hose (optional 25\u2019 L hose)
\n\u2022 Flame retardant arm and filter media
\n\u2022 Heavy duty casters
\n\u2022 Magnetic capture hood to attach to surface<\/p>\n

Filters Available: <\/strong>
\n\u2022 HEPA (Up to 99.97% efficiency on particles down to 0.5 microns in size)
\n\u2022 ASHRAE (Up to 95% efficiency on particles down to 0.5 microns in size)
\n\u2022 ULPA (Up to 99.9995% efficiency on particles down to 0.12 microns in size)<\/p>\n

Air Volume:<\/strong> 700 CFM High<\/p>\n

\"hazards<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Rugged Air \u2013 Cleanable Filter Welding Fume Extractor \u2013 SS-RGD-7HDA<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n\"hazards<\/a><\/td>\n\nBest Use:<\/strong> High volume welding jobs with need for portability<\/p>\n

Features:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 7\u2019 heavy duty easily movable arm
\n\u2022 Flame retardant arm and filter media
\n\u2022 Industrial grade casters and portability handle for easy mobility
\n\u2022 Reusable cleanable filter that can be cleaned without removal from the unit<\/p>\n

Filters Available: <\/strong>
\nMicro-Pleat Series 2 MERV 16 cleanable filter<\/p>\n

Air Volume:<\/strong> 530 CFM High<\/p>\n

\"hazards<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Model 500 Heavy Duty Industrial Welding Fume Extractor \u2013 SS-500-WFE-MP1<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n\"hazards<\/a><\/td>\n\nBest Use:<\/strong> High volume welding in a more stationary location. Multiple operator configurations available.<\/p>\n

Features:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 10\u2019 heavy duty easily movable arm
\n\u2022 Flame retardant arm and filter media
\n\u2022 Industrial grade casters
\n\u2022 Reusable cleanable filter that can be cleaned without removal from the unit
\n\u2022 360\u00b0 rotating source capture arm<\/p>\n

Filters Available: <\/strong>
\n(4) MERV 16 Micro-Pleat Series 1 Particulate Cleanable Filters<\/p>\n

Air Volume: <\/strong> 705 CFM High<\/p>\n

\"hazards<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Model 2000 Ambient Air Cleaner \u2013 SS-2000-FH<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n\"hazards<\/a><\/td>\n\nBest Use:<\/strong> Secondary device for welding room air cleaning, can be suitable for light welding<\/p>\n

Features: <\/strong> Hanging or mounted configurations<\/p>\n

Filters Available: <\/strong>
\nMERV 7 pre-filter (up to 70% efficiency on particles down to 3 microns)
\nMERV 14 ASHRAE (up to 95% efficiency on particles down to 0.3 microns)<\/p>\n

Air Volume:<\/strong> 2,000 CFM High<\/p>\n

\"hazards<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Reduce hazards of welding fumes today with welding fume control solutions!<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n\"talk<\/a><\/div>\n
\n\"email<\/a><\/div>\n
\n\"visit<\/a><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

Feel free to give us a call to help you select a fume extractor for your welding site! \u2014 1-800-799-4609<\/p>\n

Sources<\/h2>\n

<\/a>1. Department of Health and Human Services. \u201cCriteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium.\u201d Sept 2013, pp 2, 22, 38, 84, 99. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2013-128\/pdfs\/2013_128.pdf?id=10.26616\/NIOSHPUB2013128<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. \u201cOSHA Annotated Table Z-1,\u201d https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/dsg\/annotated-pels\/tablez-1.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. \u201cChromium Hexavalent Compounds.\u201d Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition, 3 Nov. 2016, https:\/\/ntp.niehs.nih.gov\/ntp\/roc\/content\/profiles\/chromiumhexavalentcompounds.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>4. Higashi, Toshiaki; Kawaguchi, Takako; Morimoto, Yasuo; Noguchi, Shingo; Suzuki, Hideaki; Tanaka, Fumihiro; Ueno, Susumu; Yatera, Kazuhiro. \u201cCancer Risks of Hexavalent Chromium in the Respiratory Tract.\u201d Journal of UOEH, The University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, 2018 Volume 40 Issue 2, pp 159, 163, 168. https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/juoeh\/40\/2\/40_157\/_article<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>5. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. \u201cHealth Effects.\u201d Hexavalent Chromium. https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/SLTC\/hexavalentchromium\/healtheffects.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>6. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS). \u201cWelding \u2013 Fumes and Gases,\u201d Government of Canada, 2016 Oct 3. https:\/\/www.ccohs.ca\/oshanswers\/safety_haz\/welding\/fumes.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>7. Andrews, R.N.; Antonini, J.M.; Battelli, L.A.; Cumpston, J.B.; Cumpston, J.L.; Dodd, T.; Donlin, M.; Erdely, A.; Falcone, L.M.; Kashon, M.L.; Kodali, V.; Leonard, H.D.; McKinney, W.; Salmen, R.; Stone, S.; Zeidler-Erdely, P.C.. \u201cInhlational of Iron-Abundant Gas Metal Arc Welding-Mild Steel Fume Promotes Lung Tumors in Mice,\u201d Toxicology, Elsevier, 2018, Vol 409, p 24-32. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0300483X18301380<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>8. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). \u201cManganese,\u201d Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018 June 26. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/topics\/manganese\/default.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>9. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). \u201cZinc Oxide,\u201d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, 2016 Apr 11. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npg\/npgd0675.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>10. Keane MJ. \u201cAn Evaluation of Welding Processes to Reduce Hexavalent Chromium Exposures and Reduce Costs by Using Better Welding Techniques.\u201d Environmental Health Insights. 2014; 8(Suppl 1):47-50. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4270263\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>11. Barkhordari, Abolfazl et al. \u201cCancer Risk Assessment in Welder\u2019s Under Different Exposure Scenarios.\u201d Iranian Journal of Public Health 43.5 (2014): 666\u2013673. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4449415\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>12. Demers, Paul A.; Harris, M. Anne; MacLeod, Jill S.; Peters, Paul A.; Tjepkema, Michael. \u201cCancer Risks among Welders and Occasional Welders in a National Population-Based Cohort Study: Canadian Census health and Environmental Cohort,\u201d Safety and Health at Work: 8, 2017, p. 261. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5605892\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Welding produces hazardous fumes that must be controlled to safeguard employee respiratory and overall health. Welding exposes metals to high levels of heat creating gaseous fumes and nano-particles. The hazards of welding fumes depend on the contents of the metal, the type of welding process, and the frequency of welding. Fume extractors must be utilized… Learn More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":334809,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2773,1012,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-334808","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fume-extractors","category-hexavalent-chromium","category-welding"],"yoast_head":"\nHazards of Welding Fumes - Sentry Air Systems, Inc.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Welding produces fumes that cause a wide range of health hazards. 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