{"id":335078,"date":"2019-03-26T20:26:22","date_gmt":"2019-03-26T20:26:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sentryair.com\/blog\/?p=335078"},"modified":"2021-02-10T18:56:04","modified_gmt":"2021-02-10T18:56:04","slug":"respiratory-hazards-in-cosmetics-manufacturing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sentryair.com\/blog\/industry-applications\/respiratory-hazards-in-cosmetics-manufacturing\/","title":{"rendered":"Respiratory Hazards in Cosmetics Manufacturing"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Cosmetic<\/a>

Cosmetics Manufacturing Line (Source)<\/u><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

Cosmetics manufacturing poses many respiratory health risks to employees. The loosely regulated industry of cosmetics uses numerous ingredients that may present harmful side effects exposure occurs in large and continual doses. These ingredients have been shown to be safe for consumer use, but during manufacturing, employees become exposed to large amounts of particulate causing safety concerns. Cosmetic manufacturers must provide appropriate engineering controls, such as fume extractors, to protect employees from long-lasting health effects.<\/p>\n

Cosmetics Manufacturing Industry Regulations<\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/a> The FDA loosely regulates the cosmetic industry. The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938<\/u> currently governs the cosmetic manufacturing industry (Ref. 1)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. Under this regulation, cosmetic manufacturers cannot misbrand products and must gain approval of all color pigments (Ref. 2)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. All other ingredients, besides pigments, do not need preapproval before releasing the product to the market. The FDA has only banned 10 chemicals or ingredients, while the European Union has banned 1,400 ingredients (Ref. 1)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. In the US, the FDA allows cosmetic manufacturers to use known carcinogens in products, like coal tar, simply by placing a warning label on the package (Ref. 2)<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Likewise, cosmetics manufacturers are not required to report health complaints to the FDA, instead the FDA only finds out about health concerns from products when consumers report directly to them (Ref. 2)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. After safety concerns are reported to the FDA, the FDA can issue a voluntary recall of all affected products.<\/p>\n

Similarly, the FDA does not set any standardized testing for the safety of ingredients (Ref. 2)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. The FDA has the Guidance for the Industry<\/u> recommending good cosmetic manufacturing practices but does not enforce the guidelines mentioned in this report.<\/p>\n

Cosmetics Manufacturing Process<\/h2>\n

Cosmetics encompass a wide variety of products, but most share similar manufacturing processes. Certain parts of the process and some products generate more airborne particulate and pose more risks than others.<\/p>\n

Step One: Weighing<\/b><\/h3>\n
\"Step<\/a>

Weighing of Ingredients in Eyeshadow (left) and Mascara (right) (Ref. 3 & 4)<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

During the weighing step of cosmetic manufacturing, employees measure out specific amounts of ingredients. The ingredients vary depending on the products. For eyeshadow, ingredients consist of mica, zinc stearate, and pigments such as iron oxide (Ref. 3)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. For liquid or oil-based products like mascara, ingredients entail a combination of water, emulsifiers, pigments, binding agents and other ingredients (Ref. 4)<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Step Two: Mixing and\/or Melting<\/b><\/h3>\n
\"Step<\/a>

Mixing of Ingredients in Eyeshadow (left) and Mascara (right) (Ref. 3 & 4)<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

For powder-based cosmetics, the employee pours the ingredients mixture into a large blender (Ref. 3)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. Then, the attendant adds coconut oil to the mixture while the mixer completes the processing (Ref. 3)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. For liquid and oil-based products, the technician creates two mixtures: oil and water-soluble (Ref. 4)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. The oil mixture is melted together and then mixed separately from the water-soluble (Ref. 4)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. After heating the water-soluble mixture, the employee adds pigments and oil-soluble mixture to the water, then heats the mixture while mixing the ingredients together (Ref. 4)<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Step Three: Product Testing<\/b><\/h3>\n
\"Step<\/a>

Product Testing in Eyeshadow (left) and Mascara (right) (Ref. 3 & 4).<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

Each batch of a powder-based cosmetic must complete testing to ensure color accuracy, durability from drop tests, and shelf life (Ref. 3)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. Employees compare the sample from the batch to the control cosmetic (Ref. 3)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. For liquid-based cosmetics, the employee will test the sample for thickness and pH level (Ref. 4)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. Product testing must be completed before packaging of the batch.<\/p>\n

Step Four: Packaging and Labeling<\/b><\/h3>\n
\"Step<\/a>

Product Packaging of Eyeshadow (left) and Mascara (right) (Source 3 & 4)<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

For powder based makeup, the employee pours the mixture into the dispenser, where the machine dispenses the product into a tin (Ref. 3)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. After pressing, the employee places the tin into a larger packaging and then labeled for sale. Liquid or oil-based products undergo similar processes: dispensed into containers, finishing, additional parts of the containers added such as lids and applicators, and then labeled (Ref. 4)<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Research & Development of Cosmetics<\/b><\/h3>\n
\"Research<\/a>

Research & Development of Cosmetics (Source)<\/u><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

In order to bring a new product to the market, cosmetic manufacturers task cosmetic chemists to develop future products in a state-of-the-art laboratory. The scientists determine the concentration, test for allergens and chemical reactions, and consider cost during the research process.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Pigment Manufacturing<\/b><\/h3>\n
\"Cosmetic<\/a>

Cosmetic Pigments (Source)<\/u><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

For pigment manufacturing, the employee mixes the raw pigments with resins and grinds them into smaller particles sizes to ensure an even dispersion of pigment in the final product (Ref. 5)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. The final pigment particle size is usually about 1.4 \u00b5m (Ref. 5)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. For processing, the pigment is refined through a heavy-duty covered mixer (Ref. 5)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. A cosmetic laboratory synthetically creates the majority of metal oxides (zinc oxide and iron oxide) utilized in cosmetics to ensure hygienic properties (Ref. 6)<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Potentially Hazardous Cosmetic Ingredients<\/h2>\n

Carcinogens<\/b><\/h3>\n

Known carcinogens can be found in many cosmetics through ingredients and byproducts of the manufacturing process. Although accepted as safe in use for consumers, these ingredients may present harmful side effects for repeated chronic exposure during the manufacturing process without proper respiratory protection (Ref. 7)<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Below are some known carcinogens found in cosmetics, products they can be found in, potential health effects, and regions, if any, that ban the chemical\u2019s use in cosmetics (Ref. 8)<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Potentially Hazardous Chemicals found in Cosmetics <\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Chemical<\/b><\/td>\nFound In<\/b><\/td>\nHealth Side Effects<\/b><\/td>\nBanned In<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Arsenic<\/b><\/td>\nImpurities in cosmetic from facial lotion, shampoo, foundation.<\/td>\nHyperpigmentation, keratosis, possible vascular complications, endocrine disruptor, lung and lymphatic cancer. Targets liver, kidneys, skin, lungs, and lymphatic system.<\/td>\nEU<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Benzene<\/b><\/td>\nHair Conditioner and styling lotion<\/td>\nHuman respiratory toxicant; endocrine disruptor; linked to leukemia; targets eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, and bone marrow<\/td>\nEU<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cadmium and its compounds<\/b><\/td>\nColorants in eyeshadow and lip gloss<\/td>\nCarcinogenic properties. Targets renal, neurological, reproductive, and respiratory systems.<\/td>\nEU & Japan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chromium<\/b><\/td>\nColorants in eyeshadow and lip gloss<\/td>\nLung cancer. Targets blood, respiratory system, liver, and kidneys. Increases blood leukocytes, eye injury, skin ulcers.<\/td>\nEU<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coal Tar<\/b><\/td>\nHair dyes, shampoos, dandruff\/scalp treatment, redness\/rosacea treatment<\/td>\nLung, bladder, kidney and digestive tract cancer. Contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which may cause tumors on lungs, bladder and skin<\/td>\nEU<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ethylene Oxide<\/b><\/td>\nByproduct impurity from process of ethoxylation (buffer harsh effects of sudsing agents)<\/td>\nLymphatic and hematopoietic cancers. Breast cancer, endocrine disruptor. Leukemia, disrupt respiratory system, central nervous system, reproductive system.<\/td>\nEU<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Formaldehyde & Formaldehyde releasing preservative<\/b><\/td>\nKeratin hair straighteners, nail polish, mascara, nail treatment, shampoo, and blush<\/td>\nIrritation of eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory system.<\/td>\nJapan, EU allows up to 5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mineral Oils<\/b><\/td>\nEye shadow, moisturizer, lip gloss, lipstick, conditioner, hair color, bleaching, facial treatment, styling gel\/lotion, blush, concealer<\/td>\nTargets eyes, skin, and respiratory system.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Phenacetin<\/b><\/td>\nFacial hair bleach, hair color, women\u2019s depilatories<\/td>\nRenal damage, anemia, malignant mammary tumors<\/td>\nBanned as medication by FDA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Silica<\/b><\/td>\nLipsticks, lip gloss, eyeliner, foundation, sunscreen, lotion, and shampoo<\/td>\nRespirable can penetrate lungs, lung cancer, targets eyes and respiratory system.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Dangers of Nanotechnology in Cosmetics <\/b><\/h3>\n
\"Nanotechnology<\/a>

Nanotechnology Use in Cosmetics (Source)<\/u><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

<\/div>\n

Other than carcinogens, nanomaterials in cosmetics may create respiratory health hazards. Most cosmetics contain ingredients created through nanotechnology (Ref. 9)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. Nanotechnology creates nanomaterials in the size range of 1 to 100 nanometers (1\/1,000,000 mm or 1\/1,000 \u00b5m). Nanosized versions of materials create new properties allowing for better UV protection, skin penetration, long-lasting effects, increased color, and skin rejuvenating effects.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide<\/b> \u2013 mineral based UV filters for sunscreen
\n\u2022 Fullerenes<\/b> \u2013 skin rejuvenation by eliminating free radicals in the skin
\n\u2022 Liposomes<\/b> \u2013 enhances absorption
\n\u2022 Nanoemulsions<\/b> \u2013 more stable and suitable for active ingredients, increases shelf life
\n\u2022 Nanocapsules<\/b> \u2013 emulsion to reduce penetration of UV filters
\n\u2022 Solid lipid nanoparticles<\/b> \u2013 improves penetration of active compounds
\n\u2022 Nanocrystals<\/b> \u2013 allow for safe and effective passage through the skin<\/p>\n

Due to the small size of these nanoparticles, inhalation of employees working with these materials creates a threat to employee respiratory safety. Small particles can easily be inhaled and become deposited deep within the lungs. In particular, titanium dioxide has been recognized as potentially carcinogenic to humans (Ref. 10)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. Animal studies have shown an increase in respiratory tract cancers after titanium dioxide exposure to mice (Ref. 10)<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Moreover, NIOSH recognizes the hazards of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers exposure (Ref. 11)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. The organization has recommended restricting the exposure level to 1 \u00b5g\/m3. No studies for humans have proven any adverse effects for carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. However, studies involving mice indicate signs of developing lung disease including pulmonary inflammation, granulomas, fibrosis, intratracheal instillation, and carcinogenic effects (Ref. 11)<\/u><\/span><\/a>. NIOSH recognizes these signs as similar to human signs when developing occupational lung diseases. They suggest treating all carbon nanotubes and nanofibers as respiratory hazards and monitoring exposure to ensure airborne levels are below the recommended level (Ref. 11)<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Particulate Exposure during Cosmetics Manufacturing<\/h2>\n

Employees are at risk for exposure to potentially hazardous materials during the weighing, grinding of pigments, and mixing steps of the manufacturing process. Employees may also come in contact while fixing machines, moving batches, and when materials are settling in a machine after pouring. Likewise, while developing new makeup or cosmetics, scientists may be exposed to particulate during the research and testing of new products. Also, when working with powder based cosmetics such as eye shadows, blushes, foundations, pigments, and cosmetics containing nanomaterials, presents a higher chance of particulate respiratory exposure.<\/p>\n

Particulate Control for Cosmetics Manufacturing<\/h2>\n

Cosmetic manufacturers should install engineering safety controls for particulate extraction devices and train employees to utilize ventilation systems to prevent exposure to harmful particulate. Depending on the application, Sentry Air offers numerous solutions to protect employee respiratory health.<\/p>\n

AirHawk Ductless Fume Hood \u2013 AirHawk30<\/u><\/a><\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"AirHawk<\/a><\/td>\nBest Use:<\/b> particulate control during small batch mixing, weighing ingredients, research and development laboratories<\/p>\n

Benefits: <\/b>
\n\u2022 Enclosure to separate process from the operator
\n\u2022 Control panel featuring: digital air pressure display to monitor HEPA filter saturation, digital runtime display to keep filter change schedules, adjustable light and fan to adjust to needs of the procedure
\n\u2022 Bright 1400 LUX LED light
\n\u2022 Easy to install and use
\n\u2022 No Ductwork or makeup air required
\n\u2022 Easy to change filter<\/p>\n

Filters: <\/b>
\n\u2022 HEPA filter <\/u>(up to 99.97% efficiency on particles as small as 0.3 microns)
\n\u2022 ULPA filter <\/u>(up to 99.995% efficiency on particles as small as 0.12 microns)
\n\u2022 ASHRAE filter <\/u>(up to 95% efficiency on particles as small as 0.5 microns)<\/p>\n

Inlet Velocity:<\/b> up to 211 FPM for carbon pre-filter + HEPA filter<\/p>\n

Available Widths:<\/b> 30\u201d, 40\u201d, 50\u201d (standard fume hood available in sizes up to 70\u201d wide for larger applications)<\/p>\n

\"Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Wall Mounted Fume Extractors \u2013 SS-300-SKY<\/u><\/a><\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"Model<\/a><\/td>\nBest Use: <\/b> Particulate control for mid-size machinery or a workspace with limited floor space<\/p>\n

Benefits: <\/b>
\n\u2022 Mounts on wall to free up floor space in the workspace area.
\n\u2022 Self-supportive flexible arm that allows 62.5\u201d swivel radius
\n\u2022 Energy efficient
\n\u2022 Quiet operation
\n\u2022 Source capture<\/p>\n

Filters:<\/b>
\n\u2022 HEPA filter<\/u> (up to 99.97% efficiency on particles as small as 0.3 microns)
\n\u2022 ULPA filter<\/u> (up to 99.995% efficiency on particles as small as 0.12 microns)
\n\u2022 ASHRAE filter<\/u> (up to 95% efficiency on particles as small as 0.5 microns)<\/p>\n

Air Volume:<\/b> up to 350 CFM, down to 50 CFM<\/p>\n

\"Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Ambient Air Filtration Systems \u2013 SS-2000-FH<\/u><\/a><\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"Model<\/a><\/td>\nBest Use: <\/b>Added secondary particulate control for whole cosmetic manufacturing area<\/p>\n

Benefits:<\/b>
\n\u2022 Filters ambient air
\n\u2022 Mounts on the ceiling, table or a stand
\n\u2022 No external ducting or makeup air<\/p>\n

Filters: <\/b>
\n\u2022 MERV 7 pre-filter<\/u> \u2013 up to 70% efficiency on particles as small as 3 microns
\n\u2022 MERV 15 ASHRAE bag<\/u> \u2013 up to 95% efficiency on particles as small as .3 microns<\/p>\n

Air Volume:<\/b> up to 2000 CFM<\/p>\n

\"Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Consult one of our application solution experts today to help you select a particulate control system for your facility!<\/b><\/h3>\n\"Manufacturing<\/a> \"Email<\/a> \"Visit<\/a>\n
<\/div>\n

Call us today at 1-800-799-4609<\/em>
\n<\/b><\/p>\n

\n

Sources<\/h2>\n

<\/a>1. Flyntz, Amy. \u201cThe Personal Care Products Safety Act: What It Is and Why You Should Know About It.\u201d Well Insiders.<\/i> 26 Apr 2018. https:\/\/wellinsiders.com\/personal-care-products-safety-act-what-it-is-why-you-should-know-about-it\/.<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>2. Reddy, Manisha. \u201cThe Hazards of an Unregulated Cosmetics Industry.\u201d Loyola University Chicago School of Law.<\/i> 5 Dec 2017. http:\/\/blogs.luc.edu\/compliance\/2017\/12\/05\/the-hazards-of-an-unregulated-cosmetics-industry\/.<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>3. \u201cSolid State Drives, Eye Shadow, Limousines, Dead Blow Hammers.\u201d How It\u2019s Made.<\/i> Science Channel, Season 22, Ep 12. 2013. https:\/\/youtu.be\/J6U7k4wBlrg.<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>4. \u201cMobile Concert Stages, Mascara, Continuous Miners, Wood Gift Boxes.\u201d How It\u2019s Made.<\/i> Science Channel, Season 23, Ep 8. 2014. https:\/\/youtu.be\/DNOr2kQAI_c.<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>5. Birks, Ingm\u0101rs; Grigale-Soro\u010dina, Zane; and M\u0101rti\u0146\u0161 Kalni\u0146\u0161. \u201cAnalysis of Pigment Process and Production techniques for Use in Nail Polish Systems.\u201d Solid State Phenomena.<\/i> Oct 2017. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/320301327_Analysis_of_Pigment_Process_and_Production_Techniques_for_Use_in_Nail_Polish_Systems.<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>6. Novakovich, Jen. \u201cA Guide to Color Additives in Cosmetics.\u201d The Eco Well.<\/i> 18 Nov 2017. https:\/\/theecowell.com\/blogs\/well\/color-additives-in-cosmetics.<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>7. Barrett, Julia. \u201cChemical Exposures: The Ugly Side of Beauty Products .\u201d Environmental Health Perspect.<\/i> Jan 2005. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1253722\/.<\/u> <\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>8. \u201cCarcinogens in Cosmetics.\u201d Campaign for Safe Cosmetics. <\/i> http:\/\/www.safecosmetics.org\/get-the-facts\/chemicals-of-concern\/known-carcinogens\/.<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>9. Jose, Shoma; Raj, Silpa; and Sabitha, M. \u201cNanotechnology in Cosmetics: Opportunities and Challenges.\u201d J Pharm Bioallied Sci.<\/i> Jul-Sep 2012. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3425166\/.<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>10. Reliene, Ramune; Schiestl, Robert H.; Solaimani, Parrisa; Trouiller, Benedicte; and Westbrook, Aya. \u201cTitanium dioxide nanoparticles induce DNA damage and genetic instability in vivo in mice.\u201d Cancer Res. <\/i>15 Nov 2009. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3873219\/.<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>11. NIOSH \u201cOccupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers.\u201d Current Intelligence Bulletin 65.<\/i> 2013. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2013-145\/default.html.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cosmetics manufacturing poses many respiratory health risks to employees. The loosely regulated industry of cosmetics uses numerous ingredients that may present harmful side effects exposure occurs in large and continual doses. These ingredients have been shown to be safe for consumer use, but during manufacturing, employees become exposed to large amounts of particulate causing safety… Learn More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":335084,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2818],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-335078","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry-applications"],"yoast_head":"\nRespiratory Hazards in Cosmetics Manufacturing | Sentry Air Systems<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cosmetics manufacturing exposes employees to hazardous ingredients. 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